Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1 Vascular Surgery department, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.
2 Head of Vascular surgery department, faculty of medicine, Al-Azhar University
Abstract
Keywords
INTRODUCTION
Chronic limb threatening ischemia is defined as low blood supply to a limb less than its metabolic demands at rest 1, 2. It is clinically diagnosed as rest pain or pedal necrosis with appropriate documentation of circulatory impairment Fontaine stages III and IV 3.
About 40% of CLI patients end in major amputation with its negative impact on patient quality of life. The primary aim of CLI revascularization is to improve wound healing, limb salvage, quality of life and also to prolong survival 1, 2.
Therapeutic goals for chronic limb threatening ischemia include relief of symptoms and preservation of organs and tissues. Once the affected luminal diameter is compromised by 75% or more, the risk of limb loss becomes high. After this point, revascularization becomes necessary 4.
PTA is the appropriate choice for lnfrapopliteal occlusive disease; experience is increasing in this area 5. Repeated PTA, unlike repeated surgical bypass operations, can be easily performed in case of restenosis 6, 7.
The angiosome concept was firstly introduced by authors Taylor and Palmer in 1987 8. Foot is devided into 6 areas (angiosomes), with independent artery for each. Clinical symptoms will appear in the area supplied by the target vessel due to lack of blood supply 9. Nevertheless, this theory is still controversial in the absence of clues by convincing methods 10.
Also, we need an intraoperative indicator for healing of ulcers. Wound blush was mentioned by few articles as a predictor for healing 11. Wound blush (WB) means opacification of the ulcer area by contrast after angiography 11.
Skin perfusion pressure (SPP) has been associated with limb salvage rate. It indicated the flow of blood supply to the skin is adequate 12.
Accordingly, this thesis was conducted to investigate angiosomal concept in improving outcome of endovascular therapy and wound blush as an intraoperative predictor of healing.
Aim of this study was to investigate angiosomal concept in improving outcome of endovascular therapy and wound blush as an intraoperative predictor of healing in infra-genicular balloon angioplasty in cases of critical lower limb ischemia.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
The present study included 40 patients with limb threatening ischemia affecting the infra-genicular arteries. Patients admitted to the vascular surgery department, Al-Azhar University Hospitals and Nasr Insurance Hospital. Ethical consent was taken from all patients before inclusion in the study. This research was approved by ethical committee at Al-Azhar university, Faculty of medicine, Cairo, Egypt.
Inclusion criteria: ischemic lower limb ulcer or gangrene, Computerized Tomographic Angiography (CTA) evidence of significant isolated infra-genicular arterial occlusive disease.
Exclusion criteria: multi-level arterial lesions, Patients with creatinine >1.5 mg/dl, Acute on top of chronic ischemia, Asymptomatic patients., Burger’s disease., non-disabling claudication patients., highly calcified lesions, Poor general condition (e.g., decompensated heart failure).
After consent, patients were subjected to History taking and Clinical examination for vital signs, General examination, Pulsation and Local examination. Hand-held Doppler examination and Ankle / Brachial index were also recorded. Routine lab investigations were done preoperatively. Computerized topographic arteriography (CTA) was done for all patents preoperatively.
Premedication included Clopidogrel bisulfate dose: (75 mg/day) and Aspirin dose: (100 mg/day) were initiated at least 5 days prior to endovascular interventions.
Endovascular Access was adopted via Ipsilateral anterograde approach. 4-Fr or 5-Fr diagnostic catheter was used for imaging of the trifurcation. This was obtained in A-P view and oblique views.
All infra-genicular lesions were dilated with pressure of 6-10 atm. for 1-3 minutes using low-profile balloons of 2-3 mm in diameter and length of 20-40 mm. Completion angiography was performed.
Heparin was continued for 24 to 48 h after the intervention. Clopidogrel was also continued for 3 months and aspirin for long term.
After angioplasty patients were divided into two groups according to angiosome concept: Direct revascularization group (DR): to which the artery supplied the affected angiosome was dilated. Indirect Revascularization group: to which the arteries rather than the artery supplied the affected angiosome were dilated (This was done if the direct revascularization was not technically possible).
Wound blush assessment: Evaluation of wound blush was done with different projection till having the best view with injection of 30 cc dye as near as possible popliteal artery (zone III).
Patients were categorized into two groups according to the angiography just after the angioplasty: WB-positive group: in which the site of the gangrenous or ulcerated area blush were achieved after intervention. WB-negative group: in which these angiographic results were not obtained.
Postoperative follow up was done on 1, 3, 6 and 12 months postoperatively. The target was relief of symptoms, patency rate, wound healing, ABPI, complications and mortality rate.
Data analyzed using SPSS version 25.0 statistical package (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Quantitative data expressed as mean and standard deviation (Mean ± SD). Repeated measures ANOVA (T-test) were used to compare repeated measurements of patients’ ankle pressure index by time followed by least significance difference post hoc test.
Quantitative data expressed as number and percentage and analyzed by Chi-square (X) test for association ox trend when appropriate. Fishers’ exact or Mont Carlo tests were used for small number or highly imbalanced table cells.
Nonparametric test (Mann Whitney) was used to compare continuous variables between the wound blush-positive and wound blush-negative groups. A p value
RESULTS
40 patients who presented with CLI due to isolated infragenicular arterial occlusive diseases were included. Demographic data and comorbidities were shown in (Table 1).
The procedure time ranged from 45 min to 120 minutes with mean±SD (58.9±20 min.). The hospital stay ranged from 1 to 3 days with mean±SD (2.2±0.8 min.). Technical success was achieved in all patients. Patient who was difficult to be dilated by direct technique were shifted to indirect technique.
Technical complications occurred in six patients (12.5%), two of them (5%) developed groin hematoma which were managed conservatively, one patient (2.5%) developed infra-popliteal thrombosis which was managed by thrombolysis using Streptokinase (70.000-80.000 units). Two patients (5%) developed flow limiting dissections which were managed by re-dilatation of the dissection flap, and one patient (2.5%) developed vessel perforation and treated by conservative measures.
Ankle Brachial Pressure Index (ABPI) evaluation was improved significantly and shown in (Table 2).
|
|
Total (N=40) |
% |
DR (N=25) |
% |
IR (N=15) |
% |
P |
|
Mean age |
58.2 |
57.8 |
58.6 |
0.31 |
|||
|
Sex ratio (M: F) |
25:15 |
62.5:36.5% |
19:6 |
76:24% |
6:9 |
40:60% |
0.022 |
|
Site of ischemic ulcer or gangrene |
|||||||
|
Forefoot |
29 |
72.50% |
21 |
84.00% |
8 |
53% |
0.04 |
|
Heel |
11 |
27.50% |
4 |
16.00% |
7 |
47% |
|
|
Associated comorbidities |
|||||||
|
Diabetes |
33 |
82.50% |
21 |
84.00% |
12 |
80.00% |
0.26 |
|
Smoking |
23 |
57.50% |
18 |
72.00% |
5 |
33.33% |
0.017 |
|
Hypertension |
35 |
87.50% |
22 |
88.00% |
13 |
86.67% |
0.9 |
|
Dyslipidemia |
19 |
47.50% |
11 |
44.00% |
8 |
53.33% |
0.76 |
|
ischemic heart disease |
11 |
27.50% |
5 |
20.00% |
6 |
40.00% |
0.17 |
|
Stroke |
7 |
17.50% |
5 |
20.00% |
2 |
13.33% |
0.59 |
|
Previous amputations |
|||||||
|
Previous major amputation |
3 |
7.50% |
2 |
8.00% |
1 |
6.67% |
0.87 |
|
Previous minor amputation |
9 |
22.50% |
5 |
20.00% |
4 |
26.67% |
0.62 |
Table 1: Patients’ demographic data and comorbidities.
|
|
Pre PTA |
one month |
3 months |
6 months |
1 year |
P |
|
Mean±S.D. |
0.31±0.2 |
0.62±0.19 |
0.71±0.22 |
0.76±0.2 |
0.82±02 |
<0.001 |
Table 2: ABPI in the studied patients’ groups pre- and post-operative.
ATA was the only distal runoff to the foot in 47.5% (19/40), posterior tibial artery (PTA) in 32.5% (13/40), the peroneal artery (PA) in the remaining 20% (8/40).
Details of intervention:
In the total group, 60% (24/40) underwent direct revascularization, whereas 40% (16/40) underwent IR. 22 patients had limb salvage, 15 of them had DR and seven had IR. six patients underwent major amputation, four of them were in the IR group and two were in the DR group. Details of findings were reported in (Table 3).
For DR group, 14 (87.5%) patients had their wounds completely epithelialized. Overall limb salvage was 70% (Table 4). Also (Figure 1) shows a case of posterior tibial artery repair (direct angioplasty).
)
View on SCiNiTO