Minimally Invasive Intramedullary Fixation of Middle third clavicular Fractures Through the Medial Entry by Titanium Elastic Nailing System (TENS)

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Professor of Dermatology and Venereology; Al-Azhar Faculty of Medicine, Cairo

2 Assistant lecturer of Dermatology and Venereology; Al-Azhar Faculty of Medicine, Cairo

3 Assistant professor of Andrology, International Islamic Center for Population Studies and Research; Al-Azhar University.

https://doi.org/10.21608/aimj.2025.446593

Abstract

Background: Non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) is a major clinical challenge, with spontaneous sperm recovery being rare and fertility treatment options remaining limited.
Aim of the study: This study aims to explore the effectiveness of letrozole in improving sperm retrieval in NOA patients who have previously undergone unsuccessful testicular sperm extraction (TESE).
Methodology: Thirty azoospermic patients with a history of previously failed TESE received 2.5 mg of letrozole daily for three months, followed by hormonal evaluation and semen analysis. Those who remained azoospermic underwent TESE.
Results: Showed a significant increase in FSH, LH, and total testosterone (tT) levels, with a reduction in estradiol (E2) and an improved T/E2 ratio. The sperm retrieval rate (SRR) was 13.3%.
Conclusion: The study suggests that letrozole could be considered for idiopathic NOA patients after failed TESE, potentially reducing the need for invasive surgical sperm retrieval.
 
 

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