Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1 anatomy department Al Azhar university cairo Egypt
2 Professor of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo
3 Professor and head of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo.
Abstract
Keywords
INTRODUCTION
Aspartame (ASP) is an artificial diet sweetener, is widely distributed. ASP structure is a methyl ester1. It is distributed in more than 6000 components, like carbonated drinks and low calories chocolate2. ASP passes to circulation and to all parts of the body. It also might reach the brain tissues, because it could pass through blood–brain barrier. . It might be one of reasons of neurological toxicity 3. It has been metabolized to form many derivatives such as aspartic acid, yield phenylalanine, and methanol. Then, it under oxidation gives another component which are formic acid and formaldehyde in the substance of tissues. Presence of one of these oxidative components like formic acid was the reason for dangerous effects of intoxication caused by methanol in the tissues of humans and animals4. Therefore, some authors said that process of metabolism of ASP occurring in the cell mitochondria, is the reason for the nuclear and mitochondrial DNA damage affecting its power to give adequate energy, so results in high amounts of damaging free radicals5.
There is a suggestion that continuous use of products containing ASP is accompanied with occurrence of so many neurological symptoms like seizures4, memory loss6, headache7. Plant’s derivatives give us a very good chance to decrease these harm symptoms that occur since plants and their healthy extracts defined traditionally as the cure for multiple diseases for a far time8. Aniseed is one of the widely distributed aromatic plants; it has been distributed over many countries like Iran, India and Turkey9. Multiple and different studies revealed that component of aniseed contains mainly anethole (85%) as an active component, as well as anisaldehyde, methylchavicol, eugenol and estragole 10. Anisum oil has various medical and therapeutic indications in diseases like neurologic, digestive, and respiratory disorders11. The aim here in our study was to highlight the protective role of anisum oil on the cerebellar changes caused by ASP, through observing histopathological and ultrastructural alterations.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Animals:
The study was done at Pharmacology Department Laboratory of Al-Azhar Faculty of Medicine, Cairo, between January and March 2020.
Experimental design:
Sixty adult male albino rats, in four groups (15 rats in each one):
Group I: (control group) received distilled water daily.
Group II: (anisum oil group) given 0.5 mL/kg body wt. anisum oil daily for 2 months12.
Group III: (ASP group) received 250 mg/kg body wt. ASP as a daily oral dose for 2 months dissolved in distilled water13.
Group IV: (anisum oil + ASP group) received 0.5 mL/kg body wt/d. Anisum oil is given once daily as prophylaxis12, then 250 mg/kg body wt. ASP after 2 hours as a daily dose for 2 months13.
Chemicals:
ASP was purchased from Al-Ameriya Company (Alexandria, Egypt). ASP present in tablet form, each containing 20 mg. The tablets were dissolved in distilled water and administered to rats. Dose correspond human, 40–50 mg/kg/b wt. species factor, need 5–6 times increase than human dose, as metabolism of rat to ASP more fast than human metabolism14.
Anisum oil was taken from an aromatic shop in Cairo (Egypt). The required daily dose of anisum oil was 0.5 mL/kg body wt. daily 12.
At the selected time, the rats were anesthetized through inhalation of ether. The cerebellum gently dissected. Specimens were prepared, then stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) for light microscopic examination.15 Other specimens were prepared then stained with double staining technique of uranyl acetate, then followed by lead citrate solutions for an electron microscopic examination.16
RESULTS
Light microscopic results:
H&E-stained sections:
Group I (control group), revealed that the cerebellar cortex appeared normal and formed of an outer molecular layer, an inner granular layer and one row of classic regular Purkinje cell layer found in between molecular and granular cell layers. The molecular layer formed of a clear area with few basket cells widely separated from each other. Purkinje cell layer formed of a single row of cells which are flask-shaped containing vesicular, rounded, large nuclei. The granular layer formed of small granular cells which are deeply stained (Fig.1 a, b).
Group II (anisum oil treated rats), showed three layers of cerebellar cortex. Molecular layer was seen to be formed of basket cells multiple in number and scattered. Purkinje cells are flask-shaped, with basophilic cytoplasm and nucleus appeared clear, darkly stained nucleolus and whole layer appeared in a monolayer arrangement. Granular layer showed multiple small cells which darkly stained (Fig.1 c, d).
Group III (ASP-treated rats), revealed the molecular layer shrunken and showed also congested blood capillaries resulted in hemorrhage which also found in this layer. There were disorganized Purkinje cells with clear cytoplasm and marked pyknotic alterations. There were intermingling with other cells of both granular and molecular layers. Purkinje cells severely shrunken, degenerated, scattered, and shape was irregular with hard defined boundaries of cell. The Purkinje cells also were few in number and surrounded with clear halos. The granular cells were deeply stained in granular layer with large spaces separated these cells. The basket cells in the molecular layer appeared deeply stained with scattered pyknotic and clear spaces also vacuolated cytoplasm also found. (Fig. 2 a, b).
Group IV (anisum oil and ASP-treated rats), revealed a wider molecular layer which contained numerous scattered basket cells with clear haloes. The Purkinje cells were flask in shape with rounded, vesicular, and large nuclei. They were distributed in single layer present at region between both molecular and granular layers. There were many granule cells which appeared normal in shape present at the granular layer which formed of well-defined boundaries and separated by narrow spaces (Fig. 2 c, d).
Toluidine blue-stained sections:
Group I (control rats), revealed pyriform shape of Purkinje cells with vesicular, rounded, large nuclei and they distributed in a single layer with prominent Nissl granules and nucleolus in cytoplasm(Figure 3a).
Group II (anisum oil treated rats), revealed the Purkinje cells with flask-shaped, and with rounded, large and vesicular nuclei. They were distributed in mono layer like control. Cytoplasmcontained prominent Nissl granules and nucleolus (Fig. 3b).
Group III (ASP-treated rats), showed degenerated Purkinje cells which also was irregular, shrunken and with hardly noticed nucleus(Fig. 3c).
Group IV (anisum oil and ASP-treated rats), revealed flask shaped Purkinje cells with nucleus centrally located. There were also obvious nucleolus and Nissl granules found in cytoplasm (Fig. 3d).
Electron Microscopic Findings:
Group I (control rats), showed normal Purkinje cell, with cell membrane appeared well-defined. The nucleus appeared normal with prominent nucleolus. There were large number of mitochondria in cytoplasm. Many axons were present, some myelinated and some unmyelinated (Fig. 4a).
Granular cells revealed intact nuclear membranes with normal nuclei (Fig. 4b).
Group II (anisum oil treated rats), showed Purkinje cell like control as cell membrane well-defined. The Nucleus also normal and nucleolus was prominent. Also, numerous mitochondria were found in cytoplasm (Fig. 4c).
Granular cells were intact and nuclei seemed also normal like that in control animals (Fig. 4d).
Group III (ASP-treated rats) showed Purkinje cells with shrunken outlines and cell membrane appeared irregular. Also, abnormal shrunken nucleus was noticed with irregular and deformed nuclear envelope. There were many vacuolations in cytoplasm; and rough endoplasmic reticulum appeared dilated. There were many lysosomes and degenerated mitochondria in cytoplasm. Purkinje cells were surrounded by many degenerated axons (Fig. 5a).
Granular cells were degenerated in shape with deformed nucleus and vacuolated cytoplasm (Fig. 5b).
Group IV (anisum oil and ASP-treated group) revealed Purkinje cell which appeared nearly normal with intact nucleus and normal nuclear envelope. There were numerous intact mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum (Figure 5c). Granular cells appeared with intact cytoplasm and nuclei (Fig. 5d).
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Fig.1: A photomicrograph of cerebellar cortex: (a) Control rat showing molecular layer (M) with a few widely separated basket cells (red arrows). The Purkinje cell layer (P) one row of flask-shaped cells with vesicular nuclei (black arrows). In the granular layer (G) deeply stained small granular cells (white arrows). (b) Control rat showing normal layers; molecular (M) with scattered basket cells (red arrow), Purkinje (P) with monolayer of Purkinje cells; pyriform in shape, pale cytoplasm and intact nuclei with a prominent nucleolus (black arrows). Granular layer (G) formed of small granular cells; with nuclei deeply stained (white arrows). (c) Anisum oil rat showing cortical layers, molecular (M) with few basket cells widely separated (red arrows). Purkinje (P) with single row of flask-shaped cells with rounded, vesicular, and large nuclei (black arrows). Granular (G) with deeply stained small granular cells (white arrows). (d) Anisum oil rat showing layers of cerebellar cortex, molecular (M) with few separated basket cells (red arrows). Purkinje (P) with one row of flask-shaped Purkinje cells (black arrows). Granular (G) with small, granular cells (white arrows) (H& E, X400).
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Fig.2: A photomicrograph of cerebellar cortex: (a) ASP-treated rats showing Molecular layer (M) with basket cells increased in numbers (red arrows). Purkinje cells (black arrows) disorganized, lose their pyriform appearance pyknotic changes and with large space in between (arrows heads). Granular (G) with small deeply stained granule cells (white arrows) with large spaces (green arrows). (b) ASP-treated rat showing molecular layer (M) basket cells appeared scattered with nuclei deeply stained (red arrows) also spaces (red arrow heads) Marked hemorrhage (H) and mononuclear cell (green arrows) infiltration were noticed. Purkinje cells (black arrows) few, severely degenerated, deeply stained with pyknotic nuclei. Granular (G) contains degenerated small granular cells deeply stained (white arrows) with abnormal intercellular spaces (blue arrow heads). (c) Anisum oil + ASP rat showing molecular layer (M) wider with many scattered basket cells (red arrows) with clear haloes (red arrow heads). Purkinje cells (black arrows) one layer of nearly normal oval in shape and central vesicular nuclei. Granular layer (G) normal thickness with many deeply stained granule cells (white arrows) fine spaces in between (green arrow heads). (d) Anisum oil + ASP rat showing improvement of the cerebellar layers. Molecular (M) with scattered basket cells (red arrows) and vacuolations (red arrow heads). Purkinje cells (black arrows) one layer of normal cells which oval in shape. Granular (G) with numerous apparently normal granular cells (white arrows) with fine spaces (white arrow heads) (H&E, X400).
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Fig.3: Photomicrograph of semithin section in the cerebellar cortex: (a) Control rat showing Purkinje cell (white arrow) pyriform in shape with nucleus large, vesicular and central (arrow head) prominent nucleolus (black arrow head) and Nissl granules(black arrow). (b) Anisum oil treated rat showing flask shape Purkinje cells with defined nucleus like control (arrow head) with prominent nucleolus (black arrow head) and Nissl granules (black arrow). (c) ASP-treated rat showing shrunken irregular Purkinje cells (arrows) with hardly identified nuclei and darkly stained cytoplasm. (d) Anisum oil + ASP-treated rat showing return of normal appearance of Purkinje cells (arrow) with central nucleus (white arrow head) and prominent nucleolus (black arrow head) and Nissl granules (black arrow). Few Purkinje cells with hardly identified nucleus and darkly stained cytoplasm were noticed (red arrow head) (Toluidine blue, X 1000).
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Fig.4: An electron micrograph of the cerebellar cortex: (a) Control rat showing normal Purkinje cell (P), well-defined cell membrane (blue arrows). The nucleus (N) appeared normal, well defined nucleolus (nu). Number of mitochondria in cytoplasm (arrow heads). The cell surrounded by large number of axons, myelinated (red arrows) and unmyelinated (orange arrows) (TEM, X4000). (b) Control rat showing granular cells (G), intact nuclear membranes (red arrows) and normal nuclei (N) (TEM, X6000). (c) Anisum oil treated rat showing normal Purkinje cell (P), with well-defined cell membrane (blue arrows). Normal nucleus (N) well defined nucleolus (black arrow). Number of mitochondria in cytoplasm (arrow heads) (TEM, X4000). (d) Anisum oil treated rat showing many granular cells (G) intact nuclear membranes (red arrows) normal nuclei (N) (TEM, X6000).
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Fig.5: An electron micrograph of the cerebellar cortex: (a) ASP-treated rat showing shrunken Purkinje cell (P), irregular cell membrane (red arrows) and shrunken nucleus (N) with irregular nuclear envelope (black arrows). Dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum in cytoplasm (white arrows), many degenerated mitochondria (arrow heads). Degenerated axons (AX) are noticed (TEM, X4000). (b) ASP-treated rat showing degenerated axons (white arrows). Granule cells (G) degenerated and shrunken with abnormal nucleus (N) (TEM, X6000).
(c) Anisum oil + ASP treated rat showing apparently normal Purkinje cell (P) nearly normal nucleus (N). Many normal mitochondria in cytoplasm (arrow heads). Normal myeline sheath (arrows) (TEM, X4000). (d) Anisum and ASP revealed normal cells (G) normal nuclei (N). Numerous normal axons (black arrows) few degenerated axons (red arrow) (TEM, X6000).
DISCUSSION
Numerous reports revealed that ASP toxic effects increased 20 years after FDA approved ASP 17. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to detect the long treatment of ASP for 2 months could lead to different pathological effects to the cortex. In our study, the cortex of ASP group revealed abnormalities in the layer of Purkinje. Abnormal, degenerated margin of perikarya of it, frequently observed nuclei, cytoplasm deeply stained and loss pyriform shape of Purkinje cells. Histopathological alterations in the tissue of the cerebellum. The present study is enforced by Abd El-Samad 18. Similar alterations in the treatment of cerebellum by cisplatin were reported, histological evaluation showed degenerative changes in Purkinje cells such as pyknosis which may reach up to cell death 19. Alterations in the cells of Purkinje mean that involving of the single cells can send information outside the cerebellum20. Recently found, ASP enhances the cell toxicity, tubule generation and oxygen reactive species21. In the present ultrastructure results of ASP-treated animals, revealed damaged and degenerated mitochondria in the granular cell layer, rough endoplasmic reticulum showed dilated, Purkinje cells nuclei were condensed and thickening myelinated fibers were seen. These findings were similarly reported by Abd El-Samad18. Some reports discussed when increase stimulus to ASP that may cause formation of large numbers of nitrogen and oxygen species. Radicals resulted as destroy of proteins of cells and breakdown of DNA belong to mitochondria22. Thais is because the importance of mitochondria in energy production inside the neuron, so the change in its role cause possible cell damage. Also, chronic changes in the mitochondria of the cerebellum may be the main cause in the depression that occur to the rats23. Generation of myelin is crucial for neurological health. So, if any harm occurs to it that could cause harm effect on speed of neuronal signal, conduction and time. This is very important for normal function of intact neuronal circuits 24. In our study anisum oil + ASP treated group done to determine the role of treatment with anisum oil on cerebellar cortex structure. In this group the Purkinje cells and nuclei required their normal architecture. The ultrastructure of the cells of these group showed normal nuclei, The mitochondria slightly normal and rER also nearly normal. These findings considered landmark about restoration of normal architecture of Purkinje cells following treatment by anisum oil. This enhancement caused by the great antioxidant effect of anisum oil in destroying reactive oxygen species so equalize their harm effects on the target tissues. The anisum oil have a great radical chelating role through inhibiting Fe2+-chelating and H2O2- chelating activity up to 70% 25. These results were observed also by El Haliem26 who decided that long term use of ASP made alterations in the axis between pituitary and thyroid glands, but anisum oil lower bad effect that caused by long term use of ASP.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the cerebellar cortex could be a target for ASP histopathological structural induced alterations that might form several diseases affecting nervous tissue. Fortunately, Anisum oil is suggested to play protective effect against such ASP-induced changes.
Conflict of interest: The authors declared that there are no conflicts of interest.
REFERENCES
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